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In this article attempt is made to distinguish the elements that affect the destruction of natural resources and resulted the changes of the environmental condition during the past century. The idea that the nature is considered as a non-living media is the main element of such destruction. It is the consequence of the new developments of Science and Technology in the past decades. The believe of the east culture, specially in the idea of Shiites and Zartost, the pre- Islamic religious, regard the nature as a gift from the God, which should be respected and should be sustained during any kind of applications. We believe that the human being should not follow the materialist concept for their control and harnessing the resources in the nature, but should consider ethics, cultural developments and laws for any progress in the future.
Historical evidences about the technological level of mechanical engineering and the type of tools employed by craftsmen in the old days in this country has been searched in ancient literary books. According to evidences presented the invention, development and use of most of the common tools in this country dates back to thousands of years ago. Modern tools are essentially the same as the old ones. Since the middle of th 19th century the animal power in these tools has been replaced by engine power. Since engines can be much stronger and faster than an animal, the performance and application of these tools has been improved tremendously. This, however, does not allow us to ignore and forget the role of early pioneers of engineering in this country.
In this paper from historical perspectives, the important factors in the formation, development, stability and decay of academic and Professional Centers of Excellence (Poles) are discussed. The major objective of Civil Engineering (CE) Poles under the conditions of recent progress in technology and communication, and increase in expectations, capabilities and developmental need of the society are defined. The necessary prerequisites and conditions, needed resources and criteria for a university or academic center to establish a CE POLE are investigated. Also, the advantages and limitation of establishing centralized CE Poles are discussed using a historic Systems Dynamic approach. It is concluded that in general some of the major traditional objectives of Scientific Poles are satisfied by recent advances in communication and information technology (IT). These modern advancements raise doubt about the necessity of establishing old- style centralized academic Poles. To establish CE Poles the followings steps should be carried out: 1) Based on the study of the characteristics of the existing CE Poles and Centers of Excellence in industrially developed countries and by simultaneously considering the national needs, capabilities, and objectives, the characteristics of CE Poles in Iran should be defined; 2) The list of qualified university and research centers to become candidates for CE Poles in Iran should be prepared; 3) Using enhanced methods of Location Analysis, the optimum candidates for CE Poles should be selected among the qualified candidates. Contrary to the past, it is necessary to consider that due to rapid multi-disciplinary changes of the present environment, the from and structure of any CE Pole should be adaptable to the rapidly changing universal techno-economical conditions. The topics presented in this paper are not limited only to the subject of CE Poles but they can applied also to other centers of Excellence in other branchers of science and technology. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to raise questions and open a new dialogue regarding the necessity of the establishment, and the level of development and character of the Scientific Poles. The main conclusions of the presented arguments are that in the present dynamic and rapidly changing environment, all the important issues regarding the establishment of Scientific Poles should be studied thoroughly before making decisions to allocate substantial resources. Also, the structure of these Poles should be decentralized, flexible and adaptive in the long run, both physically and managerial.
The ISO 9001-2000 Standard has been developed to assist organization of all types and sizes to implement and operate effective quality management system. It forms a coherent set of quality management system standards facilitating mutual understanding in national and international trades. The quality management system requirements specified in this international standard are complementary to requirements for products can be used by internal and external parties and promote the adoption of a process approach. To lead and operate an organization successfully, it is necessary to direct and control it in a systematic and transparent manner. Success can result from implementing and maintaining a management system that is designed continually improve performance while addressing the needs of all interested parties, managing and organization encompasses quality management amongst other management disciplines. The adoption of quality management system should be a strategic decision of an organization. The design and implementation of an organizations quality management system is influenced by varying needs, particular objectives, the product provided, the process employed and the size and structure of the organization. The present work has been focused on the effectiveness of the quality management system in meeting customer requirements and establishment of ISO 9001-2000 in Iran ceramic industry.
During the Past two centuries three vast industrial revolution have occurred in the man’s life which have established the starting point of profound and substantial changes in various fields. The first revolution occurred in the 18th century based on the steam engine invention and making use of steel and coal following which the second industrial revolution happened in 1930,s elapsing with coming into existence of airplane and discovery of oil and making use of organic chemical elements in the man’s life. The third industrial revolution, on the other side, occurred from 1950 which had been hased on electronics – computer – information technology (IT) – network production – nanotechnology, biotechnology, molecule engineering, genetic engineering, expansion of oceans and new methods of transportation and knowledge. The third industrial revolution made various countries enhance their stand in the word economy as well as their national economy. The new revolution has new basic and particular technologies. The countries which more speedily prepare infrastructures required for applying these technologies will be the forerunners. The information revolution, from the significance viewpoint and influence is not considered less important than industrial revolution. The revolution will provide a new and eye-catching capacity for the man’s intelligence and knowledge frontiers and will create the tools which change the nature of the work and life. On of the best methods to get acquainted with the way new information and communication technology work and to know their nature may be using of the Information Society Index (ISI). This index distinguishes the countries of the world in four groups in terms of their position in the information and communication scope: -Skaters: Those countries that have complete capability to enjoy all information and communication revolution. These countries have required infrastructures, software’s human and financial resources and other required possibilities. -Striders: This group of countries step forward decisively in the information era and possess many required infrastructures. - Sprinters: These countries make their best efforts to further toward information – communication society. However, having no choice they take a breath. In fact, economic, social and political pressures compel them to change their priorities. -Strollers: These countries are also stepping forward, however, unstably and with difficulties, the main reason of which is considered to be shortage of financial resources. The existence of state monopolies and the most important of all lack of available information, have caused obstacles in development of information and communication in these countries. The global trend and events stresses the need for paying attention to technology policy and determination of priorities. Important international events such as disintegration of communism and taking form of the Uniter Europe and coming into existence of the World Trade Organization (WTO) have all brought about profound changes in the world economy. Process of such events and trends is the division of the world activities in the world activities division process, capabilities of countries in business and the world suitable role have full dependence on their technology. Those countries not having technological capabilities will be driven aside (and marginalized) and will assume weaker roles. The pressure and speed of the changes are in a way that they make it difficult for make amend for retardation and efforts for achieving better roles as the time passes. Adopting suitable policies for earning and managing knowledge and technologies and prioritizing technology are the most significant stride in attempts toward earning a suitable and proper global stand. Countries, by prioritizing IT and through investment in these technology can leave behind the unemployment crisis and will be able to step forward more speedily. In order to take over the technology leadership attention must be fully paid to preparation of technological infrastructures and afterward the bases of technology knowledge (training and physical education), technology man power (Scientists – engineers and technical and engineering firms) and knowledge and technology policies must be fully clarified; otherwise, follow suit roles must be admitted. Countries such as Iran must, one way or another, get accustomed to new technology progresses and place itself in their track, for we are no exception in this arena. We will either knowingly prioritize these technologies, asses and juxtapose them with our needs and benefit from utilizing them and will localize them or these will be forcefully imposed on us which is the tough lesson of survival. While recapitulating the reasons for success of countries in development and expansion of new technologies (considering infrastructures) and general belief on the fact that information technology is considered as a key for economic growth and the reason for substantial changes in every society and is a tool to shorten long distance of the developing countries) this article intends to enhance people’s living standards, to pave the way for better availability of information for people and to provide more employment opportunities for everybody and to analyze all the aspects mentioned.