Engineering mathematics education faces persistent challenges academic underachievement weak links to practical applications, and difficulty keeping pace with technological change. To address these, this study systematically analyzed the field and constructed a comprehensive map of its core phenomena, causal, contextual, and intervening conditions, strategies, and outcomes, drawing on 59 international articles selected through PRISMA. Data were analyzed using UCINET for social network analysis, co-word analysis, and grounded theory in MaxQDA. Six core phenomena emerged: learning challenges, innovative teaching methods, technology and digital tools, theoretical frameworks, curriculum design, and modeling and practical applications. The co-authorship network was highly fragmented—density 0.009, fragmentation 0.981, 56 components, and no central core—whereas the keyword co-occurrence network showed strong conceptual cohesion, with a small-world index of 4.969. The analysis identified six causal conditions, eight intervening conditions, and eleven outcomes. The most significant challenges are the dominance of the Western paradigm, a decline in fundamental research, and a shortage of longitudinal and mixed-methods studies. The field is shifting from content-oriented instruction toward competency-based, technology-assisted, and contextualized education, yet fragmented collaboration and a reactive approach remain serious barriers. Strengthening international collaboration, rebalancing theory and practice, diversifying cultural contexts, and advancing mixed-methods and longitudinal research are therefore essential.